Intellectual Property Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Intellectual Property Right - Essay Example Such protection has lead to the provision of additional funding for the research studies, enhances the efforts on the technological innovations and has also led to the creation of a number of new start ups. Generally the concept of IP covers the legal rights to any person or organization resulting from any intellectual property. The intellectual property deals with the intellectual activities in various fields including industrial, scientific, literary and artistic and the like. The countries across the world have developed legislations covering the protection of IP. These laws have been enacted at the national level for the following main reasons: The first objective is to give a statutory recognition to the creators of the moral and economic rights attached to their creations and also to specifically spell out the accessibility of the public to such rights. The second one is to discharge the responsibility of the government with respect to the promotion of creativity and the dissemination of the application of such creations. This way the government would be able to encourage a fair trading that may result in a balanced economic and social development of the country. In generic terms the IP law aims at protecting the creators and producers of intellectual goods their rights on such goods and services by granting rights to exercise control over the use of those creations for a defined period of time. However it is important to note that such IP rights do not apply to the physical object on which the IP rights may be applied but only on the intellectual creation as such. The IP protection normally extends to (i) Industrial Properties and (ii) Copyright on Intellectual Properties. 2.0 Fields of Intellectual Property Protection The above two areas of IP protection can be further classified into different fields. Inventions, trademarks, industrial designs and geographical indications are covered by Industrial Property. Copyright encompasses literary and artistic works including novels, Poems, films and musical creations. In this context it is important to understand different types of intellectual properties. 2.1 Different Types of Intellectual Properties The different types of industrial properties that need protection are: 1. Patents 2. Industrial Designs and integrated circuits 3. Utility models 4. Copyright and related rights 5. Trademarks 6. Trade secrets 7. Plant breeder's rights 2.1.1 Patents A patent is regarded as an exclusive right that is conferred on any person in respect of an innovation. The patent right has normally a duration of 20 years. A patent right is granted for a product or process which have the capacity of providing in general way of doing something or offering a new technical solution to a problem on hand. "An invention is considered "new" as long as it is not known to the public by any means (written or oral or in any other way), before its filing

Drug Legalization :: essays research papers

Just say no? This is not exactly the philosophy that the vast majority of the United States population tends to follow. Drugs have become a routine aspect of everyday life in the United States. Neither a gigantic metropolis nor a minute town have gone without feeling the everlasting effects of drugs. Drug use has always posed a major dilemma for America to overcome. The banning of illegal drugs takes many back to the days of the Prohibition problems involving the banishment of alcohol. Prohibition obviously did not work in the 1920’s, and some modern day people feel that making drugs legal would solve the constantly rising drug problem. In his article Facing up to Drugs: Is Legalization the Solution?, Pete Hamill presents both sides of the argument very thoroughly. Using tremendous techniques in both writing and in major points, the author persuades the reader to give a great deal of consideration to the author’s belief that legalization is the answer to America’ s drug problem. In delivering his points to the reader, Hamill effectively makes good use of internal structure. Initially, the point of view utilized in this article exhibits an interesting way that the reader can personalize himself with the article. The constant use of â€Å"I† in the article lets the reader know that the author has had first hand experience with the drug issue. The first person point of view also reinforces the fact that this article is completely based on the ideas and beliefs of Hamill. In addition, playing a key role in this article, the audience remains convinced via the effective techniques in writing. In general, this article reaches out to everyone in the United States, and possibly the rest of the world. However, this article targets powerful individuals, and those in the government who can make an impact on the drug world. This illustrates the whit of Hamill in that he discreetly makes a statement to high ranking officials. Most importantly, the tone in which the author reveals with dignity gives a sense of truthfulness to the reader. The author overall writes seriously, but with a touch of sarcasm here and there. Adding to the seriousness, the author’s realistic approach to the situation on drugs tells the reader that the author means every last bit of what he is saying. Although numerous internal writing techniques remain evident, some of the major points that Hamill illustrates in his article prove very effective.

Identify Four Possible Consequences Essay

1. Identify four possible consequences of inadequate training or training that does not meet an organisation’s needs or requirements. Answers might include but are not limited to: Leads to people feeling ill-equipped to do their jobs, leading to stress Reduced productivity Decreased flexibility/ adaptability to workplace demands Failure to enhance people’s skills Can lead to a failure to meet statutory requirements relating to providing a safe and healthy working environment Reduced motivation Reduced satisfaction Failure to offer career development Increased employee turnover 2. Carry out your own TNA identifying the learning and development needs you could use to be able to do your current job more successfully. If you are not currently employed, carry out a TNA that relates to the skills and knowledge you will need in a job that you hope to secure in the future. There is no definitive response to this activity; however, participants should demonstrate an understanding that a TNA is used to clearly identify the requirements of a job, the current capabilities of participants and whether there are any gaps between the two. 3. Training needs should be considered at five levels. State what these levels are and give an example for each. Identifying learning needs must be done at five levels: 1. Compliance and statutory-all employees must adhere to national privacy principles, therefore they need to be trained on what these principles are what they mean for the business. 2. Business strategies and goals-the vision of the organisation is to become the largest provider of personalised stationery, therefore training might be needed in sales and marketing. 3. Departmental and team-the accounts team might need training on a new finance IT package in order to efficiently handle the higher volume of invoices. 4.  Job roles-the specific learning needs of each job or group of jobs. All the employees responsible for creating new stationery designs are likely to need training on the market segments that are being actively targeted by the sales team. 5. Individual-the competencies that each person must hold in order to perform their job effectively. The person responsible for maintaining the organisation’s website might require training on the new look of the website propose d by the marketing team. Activity 2 1. Why is employee consultation a necessary process when determining learning needs and addressing change? Consultation enables you to: Identify employee needs and expectations Identify real skills gaps Gather a range of ideas and suggestions regarding training If employees are consulted they are more likely to be motivated and commit to training. 2. What are the likely repercussions if employees are not consulted and involved in the design, development and targeting of training or learning opportunities? Employees who are not consulted will possibly resist training-not be happy about involvement. So they might not attend, or might sabotage the training. The training will not necessarily be correctly targeted. Activity 3 1. Evaluating competencies and continually improving one’s skills is the responsibility of everyone in an organisation. Comment on this statement. If organisations are to be learning organisations they need everybody to take a proactive stance in learning, growing and improving. 2. What advantages are there when an individual self-evaluates their competence and identifies what is needed to learn, grow and improve knowledge and skills? When an individual is involved in the process of examining their current performance against set standards they are becoming actively involved and are therefore taking ownership for continual improvement. When a person is actively engaged in identifying the issues they are more likely to positively embrace  solutions to improve the performance. 3. Technical skills can be taught, but attitude implies habits and habits are hard to change. What do you think this means? When we start work, or learn new tasks we find it easier to learn new competencies. We do not have to unlearn anything in order to develop the new skills. However, if we have been doing a task a certain way for a period of time, our method of approaching the tasks becomes habitual. Thus, if we need to make changes we actually have to unlearn the current habits and develop new ones. We all know that habitual behaviours are difficult to change (think, for instance, about how hard it is for people to give up smoking.) Habitual behaviours are those behaviours with which we are comfortable. We do not want to move out of our comfort zones to change our habits. Some people, however, demonstrate the attitude that they are happy to make changes or improvements as needed. They will take advantage of opportunities to improve, because they realise that it is important to do so. It is much harder to teach someone to develop this kind of attitude than tit is to teach someone, for instance, how to operate a machine. 4. How do you think attitude assessment does or should impact on an organisation’s performance evaluations, its recruitment and selection processes and on any training programs that might be implemented? High-performing organisations focus heavily, in their recruitment and selection procedures, on attitude assessment. Attitude is the component of employee behaviour that indicates motivation-support for organisational goals, potential for active involvement I improvement processes, and cooperation when required, Employees who: Do not want to learn Whose attitude is that they are simply there to earn a wage Who are afraid and resistant to change Or who simply do not care Can have destructive effects on the organisation-it’s culture and it’s productivity. They can affect the motivation and input of other employees. Thus employee attitude-willingness to participate, to be involved and to  self-monitor and self-manage should comprise integral parts of all evaluations-for recruitment, performance evaluation and as regards selection for training opportunities. Training truly will be wasted if employees who do not wish to learn, are not interested or for whatever reason do not want to be there, are coerced into attending training. Training will only be effective if the people who participate in it want to learn and to develop new skills and can see a purpose for learning-ie they have the right attitude. Activity 4 1. Comment on this statement: Effective managers do not wait for a defined time to gather feedback on their team members’ performance; they do it continually using formal and informal methods and relevant sources to build-up a complete picture of competence of the team as a whole and for each member of that team. Generally, this statement is true. Feedback that is gathered continuously provides a more complete picture of competence than feedback gathered in snapshots, as it provides a holistic picture encompassing differing situations and contingencies. A good manager is able to combine formal feedback mechanisms, such as production results together with informal methods such as comments made by team members. 2. You are the senior coach of the Windemere Wombats A Grade basketball team. You have been concerned lately that the team, although still winning matches, are not performing as well as they could be. You feel that they have the capability to win convincingly, but instead some players are making silly mistakes that are costing the team important points. You are unsure what is causing the performance issue and decide to pay closer attention in order to get to the bottom of it. What feedback processes could you use to uncover the problem? The coach could use feedback techniques such as: Examine play statistics Video the games and play them back to analyse them Have a team discussion where everybody is encouraged to provide feedback Hold one-on-one meetings with each player, assistant coaches and other administration employees Activity 5 1 Standards are set by industries, organisations and accrediting bodies. 2 Having clearly defined standards enables organisations and trainees to understand what is required and to structure training programs to ensure that workers gain the required competencies. 3. There are no definitive responses for this activity; howerver, participants should demonstrate an undersanding that: A goal is the expression of what is to be achieved as aresult of completing learning and development activities associated with the skill. Goals help specify the detail of what is to be achieved. Examples include: – provide better feedback to my employees – effectively chair monthly committee meetings – format complex reports better Each skill can have one or more learning objectives. Objectives contain a hight level of detail and shouuld be specific, measurable, and attainable. Examples include : – Provide better feedback to my employees: – provide feedback within 24 hours – provide feedback that results in improved employee performance – Effectively chair monthly committee meeting: – keep meetings to allocated timeframe – prevent domination of discussion by one or two people – Format complex reports: – use tables with 100% accuracy – use columns with 100% accuracy – use numbering with 100% accuracy 4. Competency list should be a comprehensive list of the steps required and the level to which they must be performed. For example, place one level scoop of washing powder into the middle compartment of the washing machine dispenser. Activities selected for inclusion in the learning plan should reflect the prior knowledge of the learner, the nature of the task and the most appropriate method. For examle, doing the laundry could be taught  through demonstration and verbal instruction. 5. Consultation with the employees and conducting training needs assessments. 6 Formal training can include : external courses, internal workshops, e-learning programs. Informal training can include reading, mentoring, coaching. Activity 7 1 Coaching is usually more task specific than mentoring. Coaches focus on helping and guiding development in a particular competency or area of growth. They are usually chosen for their technical expertise. Mentors, on the other hand, play a guiding or advisory role that is often less defined by competency boundaries. Mentoring often encompasses changes in thinking, attitudinal shifts and behavioural changes. 2 Learning opportunities can include, but are not limited to : – team building actibities – counselling of the players with the tension between them – strategy meeting to explain why working the ball in closer is desirable followed by a practice session to reinforce the theory – drill training on bounce passes 3 a. Is a critical response. b. Offers a positibe method of improving. Therefore b is the most helpful form of feedback. 4 There are no definitive responses for this activity; howerver, participants should demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the feedback hamburger. The feedback should start with something positive (howerver minor) and end with something positive/ constructive; acknowledging the things the learner has done correctly. Corrections that need to be made should be sandwiched in the middle. Activity 9 1 There is no definitive response for this activity; however, participants should demonstrate a knowledge and understanding of the learning material. Activity10 2 There is no definitive answer for this activity; however, the participant’s response will need to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the learning material. Answers will be specific to the participant. Activity 11 1 The example will be specific to the participant but must retain the integrity of the model. 2 The example will be specific to the participant but must retain the integrity of the model. 3 Additional support could include but is not limited to: – senior executives in head office: – poster reinforcing the customer centric culture in board room – customer centric statistics linked to business profitability placed on board meeting as a standard agenda – store management: – reinforcement training sessions at monthly staff meetings – additional training in the importance of role modelling – frontline sales staff: – reminder cards with phrases to use pinned up near the tills – poster reinforcing the customer centric culture in the stock room – role modelling by store and head office management

Healthcare Facilities Should Implement Safeguards On Data...

Information security so important in healthcare because being able to share data digitally holds a lot of potential for doctors, nurses and clinicians to send and receive content fast and effectively. Although this is a great thing, on one hand, it is also dangerous because patient data and other sensitive information are even more at risk of being stolen, exposed or accessed by unauthorized parties. Because of this, security must be a top priority for any medical organization today and for the future. In order to ensure patient data will be secure, healthcare facilities should implement safeguards on data information. Types of Safeguards There are many types of ways to safeguard data information in a healthcare facility. These kinds†¦show more content†¦The Technical safeguard provisions consist of five broad categories Access Controls, Audit Controls: Integrity Controls, Person or Entity Authentication and Transmission Security (Sayles, 2013). All of these safeguards are purposed to protect and secure sensitive data. Case #1: Advocate Medical Group Advocate Medical Group (AMG) is a medical group that provides primary and, specialty car services as well as medical imaging, outpatient services and community-based medical practices located in Chicago. This organization is a part of Advocate Health Care, one of the largest health systems in Illinois. It was founded in 1980, and is one of Chicago s leading physician group practices. Although as prestigious as this healthcare organization may seem on July 15, 2013 over 4 million of their members were affected by a major security breach. It is reported to be 2nd largest data breach ever reported through the HHS database (Vogel, 2014). Four laptops containing more than 4 million patient records were stolen. In the Advocate case, several categories of data reported as at risk appeared to qualify as protected health data under federal law, including medical record numbers, health insurance information. Social Security numbers and other information that could be used for fraudulent p urposes were compromised. While the computers were password protected, they were not

Descriptive Essay About My Worst Nightmare - 1045 Words

Comfy Scooby-Doo pajamas and a severe case of bed head for me was the usual morning routine. As I walked down the stairs, I listened for the sound of the news as if I even watched it. No Channel twelve, no Goodmoring America, not even sounds of the weather report played as I approached the last step. Checking through the house the kitchen was untouched, the beds of my mother and sisters perfectly made. The only traces of inhabitants were me and a small sticky note on the counter that read five words of pure freedom, â€Å"We’ll be back home later.† Not only would I be free to do what I wanted, but also able to get away with it. That feeling of freedom was a kid’s best dream, but for me I believe that type of power caused my worst nightmare.†¦show more content†¦It’d been about an hour before my sister cam into our room shuffling through drawers. She pulled out a bright blue bathing suit and began to put it on. I ecstatically asked were we going to the pool while racing to get mine from the drawer. She grabbed my arm jerking me from the drawer. â€Å"No, no, no, I’m going to the pool. You’re staying here.† â€Å"But, that’s not fair!† I whined. â€Å"The fair comes in October, worry about it then.† I huffed and ran down stairs to beg my mother to let me go as my sister ran behind me to beg to do the opposite. As we approached my mother she quickly got off the phone before being drowned in pleas that did nothing but put her in a confusion. â€Å"Ma, please can I go?† â€Å"Ma, I’m not taking her,†my sister looked at me daring me to ask again. I did. â€Å"Kenisa, take your sister.† â€Å"But ma, all my friends are there, and I don’t want to have to look after her.† I began my victory dance which was cut short when my mother said, â€Å"You won’t have to watch her because she’s not allowed to get in the pool.† â€Å"But, Ma!† â€Å"No, you can’t expect to misbehave and get rewarded later.† I pouted, â€Å"Can I at least put my feet in the water?† â€Å"That’s all you can do.† My sister yelled to me that she was about to leave, so I began to run upstairs to at least put on my bathing suit. My mother stopped me telling me I wouldn’tShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About My Worst Nightmare1040 Words   |  5 Pagesthe beds of my family perfectly made. The only traces of inhabitants were me and a small sticky note on the counter that read five words of pure freedom, â€Å"We’ll be back home later.† Not only would I be free to do what I wanted but also I would get away with it. That feeling of freedom was a kid’s best dream, but for me, I believe that type of power caused my worst nightmare. My first decision as a home-alone child was to make a huge bowl of Lucky Charms cereal. I’d poured them into my favorite pinkRead MoreMy Experience Of English Composition972 Words   |  4 PagesMy experience in English Composition 1 this semester has been a tough one. From day one, I knew that this class was not going to be a â€Å"walk in the park†, so I tried to prepare myself for what was to come. Throughout this semester, I have recognized my strengths as well as my weaknesses , and I still continue to struggle with a lot of them to this day. Through it all, this class has been a journey that has taught me a lot. When we first began to write our descriptive essay, my confidence level wasRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado Character Analysis3502 Words   |  15 PagesProfiling a Psychopath, Producing Powerful Imagery, and Fantasizing about Revenge in Edgar Allan Poe s The Cask of Amontillado Edgar Allan Poe s short story The Cask of Amontillado was first published in an 1846 issue of Godey s Lady s Book, a popular women s magazine in America (Nagy). Poe s tale of premeditated murder is narrated by a smug Montresor, who feels vindicated after disposing of his enemy by walling him up in the catacombs. Yet, it is not only the premeditated murder thatRead MoreThe Horror Genre in Stories of Stevenson and Greene Essay3627 Words   |  15 PagesHorror Genre in Stories of Stevenson and Greene R.L Stevensons The Body-Snatcher and Graham Greenes The End Of The party are both short stories that are a part of the horror genre, despite differing in many ways. Throughout this essay, I am going to compare the differences and the similarities between the two horror stories. I will assess the way the writers use certain aspects that are part of the horror genre to make their story have an impact on the reader andRead MoreOrganizational Behaviour Analysis28615 Words   |  115 PagesORGANISATIONAL ANALYSIS: Notes and essays for the workshop to be held on 15th - 16th Novemeber 2007 at The Marriot Hotel Slough Berkshire SL3 8PT Dr. Lesley Prince, C.Psychol., AFBPsS University of Birmingham November 2007  © Dr. Lesley Prince 2007. Organisational Analysis: Notes and Essays Page i Page ii Please do not attempt to eat these notes. CONTENTS Introduction to the Workshop Topics And Themes The Nature and Scope of Organisation Theory Levels of Analysis The MetaphoricalRead MoreImpact of merger and acquisition on employee motivation12272 Words   |  50 Pagesthank you all for your time, patience and energy to contribute majorly to the study and its results: My teachers who guided me to work towards such an objective and contribute in some way to the society The members of the Communication Workers Union for patiently responding and honestly participating in the survey My family for being patient with me during this research period and understanding my priorities Miss Edwards for forming the basis of the Morale and Turnover Intention Survey, which contributedRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesSupplemental Reading for US History 2 From Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining theRead MoreFor Against by L.G. 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Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7

The Steam Engine Of The First Steam Powered Engine

A man by the name of James Watts introduced the first steam powered engine that would soon be used to power several forms of transportation. The steam engine had been around for a while, but wasn’t as advanced and wasn’t used on such a large scale such as powering transportation. Boats had been used for centuries for the main forms of transport, however, when Robert Fulton put the new steam engine to work to power a steamboat, it meant even more capital for businessmen. More jobs were created as the waterways were widened and dug deeper for the steamboats. Captains and crews were also formed to man the boats. Railroads that were once operated by horse and wagon were finally made into steel tracks for steam trains to carry goods. This was especially important to the coal industry because it made the jobs of the miners much safer than before. Small railways made of steel were formed underground to transport the coal out of the mines by the use of small railcars. The idea to use steel in the process of transportation was nothing new at the beginning of the industrial revolution. Britain was known to have vast amounts of steel and had been working since about 1800 on using steel as tracks and a train or buggy type to transport things. The first successful steam engine locomotive was built by the British Engineer George Stephenson, which could haul up to 30 tons of coal at 4mph going uphill. Later, Stephenson also created the first public railway forShow MoreRelatedFixing a Car772 Words   |  3 Pagesmechanics service them has also changed dramatically. A lot has changed from tools and engines, to the different types of mechanics there are now. Although the blueprint for the modern automobile was perfected in Germany and France in the late 1800s, the very first self-propelled road vehicle was a military tractor invented by French engineer and mechanic, Nicolas Joseph Cugnot, in 1769. Cugnot used a steam engine to power his vehicle. The military tractor was used by the French Army to haul artilleryRead MoreSteam Engines Of The Industrial Revolution1442 Words   |  6 Pagesfactories during this era, themselves, were powered by steam engines. But where did the steam engine come from? Who invented this revolutionary invention? How does the steam engine chug-chug at 50+ miles per hour by merely using hot air, emitted by boiling water. The answer to these questions: the steam engine was not invented nor developed solely by one person, but by contributions of a multitude of people throughout this time in history. A modern, simple steam engine, gets its energy from water boiledRead MoreThe Invention Of The Motorcycle Industries1297 Words   |  6 Pagesstationary steam engine. More surprisingly because Roper had yet to see one for himself in person. As of today’s date the invention is still kept on display at Francestown Academy. Although Roper is known for his steam powered velocipede, he was quite the inventor. He patented a wide range of products many that paved the way for future inventors. Such as sewing machines, automatic fire escapes, machine tools, fire arms and the steamed powered carriages. The workings of a steam engine may be explainedRead MoreThe Steam Engine Was Not So Much Invented As Industrialised1330 Words   |  6 PagesThe steam engine was not so much invented as industrialised. To give credit to any one person would be to steal credit away from its many rightful owners. The steam engine was evolved over a time of about a hundred years by three British inventors. The first basic steam powered engine was built by Thomas Savery in 1689. What was used before the steam engine? In the early days, one common way of removing the water was to use a series of buckets on a pulley system operated by horses and was slow andRead MoreThe Steam Engine ( Steam Power )943 Words   |  4 PagesThe Steam Engine The industrial revolution was a period in history that brought about numerous mechanical advances that allowed the use of much less manual labor. One of those mechanical advances was steam power. Steam power was not a new concept to the people of the world; in fact, steam power dates all the way back to Alexander the Great in the first century, where he designed a steam powered spinning sphere called an Aeolipile. (5 par 25) However, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries theyRead MoreSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period947 Words   |  4 PagesSteam Engines By Katelyn Warga 2nd Period Being around for over 2000 years, the steam engine has proved its worth. Invented in the industrial revolution, â€Å"this heat engine performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.† Throughout its time the steam engine has had many uses, and been modified many times to change its pronounced task. This had led to the steam engine being a very important invention in the industrial revolution, changing life in social and economic ways that still impactRead MoreInvention of the Combustion Engine1570 Words   |  7 Pagesinternal combustion engine that greatly affected the world. This paper will give opposing views on the background and analyze the effects it had on transportation and the environment. The invention of the internal combustion engine sprouted from the work of several engineers and inventors across Europe and into America. First, in 1859, Jean-Joseph Etienne Lenoir developed the first practical internal combustion engine which after many modifications and changes, led to the modern engine that plays a crucialRead MoreThe Invention Of The Automobile1378 Words   |  6 PagesNicolas Joseph Cugnot, a mechanic and engineer from France, invented the first road vehicle that was propelled by its self. â€Å"Steam engines powered cars by burning fuel that heated water in a boiler, creating steam that expanded and pushed pistons that turned the crankshaft, which then turned the wheels†(inventors.about.com). Steam engines were very heavy so it was a bad design for road vehicles. It was powered by a steam engine and it could move at the very slow speed of 2 and half miles per hour.Read MoreThe Steam Engine839 Words   |  4 Pagestime, the steam engine. This machine s erved as the main driver of the Industrial Revolution. I hereby speak in favor of the notion that this invention, the steam engine, is the most important creation in the history of man. Natural power had been harnessed since the dawn of time to perform extraneous duties. Examples of these are the natural elements, human, and animal power. As proven, these factors are known to be unreliable. Over time, the need for an instrument, such as the steam engine, to performRead MoreThe Invention Of Steam Power1712 Words   |  7 Pageswasn’t built in a day†, is best exemplified by the evolution of steam power. Despite steam power’s invention in 1689, Sail remained the dominant form of ship propulsion well into the mid-19th century. As technology improved, the reliance on steam power gradually increased, eventually leading to self-propulsion ushering in a new era of tactical and strategic advancement. Steam powered engines were invented in 1698 by Thomas Savery. Its first application was not to help power ships, but rather to drain

Staphylococcus Aureus Free Essays

Foodborne Illness Short Answer Questions Staphylococcus †¢What is the infectious agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease? The pathogen that causes Staphylococcus is called Staphylococcus aureus. Staphylococcus aureus is also called Staph and is abbreviated to S. aureus or Staph aureus in medical literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Staphylococcus Aureus or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. aureus is a bacterium that causes various infections. Staph is a commonly found on the skin and also in mucus membranes (mostly the nose and throat) of up to 25% of healthy people and animals. Depending on the type of strain S. ureus, can cause minor skin infections such as pimples, boils, carbuncles, and abscesses or life-threatening diseases such as pneumonia, meningitis, endocarditis and toxic shock syndrome. (Microbiology, 2005) Some strains produce an enterotoxin that causes staphylococcus aureus gastroenteritis, also known as food poisoning. The most harmful species of S. aureus is Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA); this bacterium has developed antibiotic resistance. (Microbiology, 2005) Each year, approximately half a million people are admitted to a hospital in the U. S. ue to a staphylococcal infection. †¢How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? S. aureus is not necessarily transmitted through food or water but primarily throu gh direct person-to-person contact. It is also possible to transmit through indirect contact (i. e. contaminated environmental surfaces). Staph infections are common hospital-acquired infections due to the possibility of health care providers being carriers of this, usually harmless, bacteria. A carrier of S. aureus can easily contaminate their own hands by contact with their nose in the course of routine activities. Skin to skin contact is the most significant mode of transmitting the pathogen and hand washing can significantly reduce transmission. Staph infections can spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, contact with objects such as towels, sheets, or clothing. (Wiki, 2012) S. aureus can remain living for long periods of time on linen, clothing and dust. †¢What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? I found this example of a real life outbreak, although it is not in the US, I found it astonishing that the outbreak ended with proper hygiene. In January 2008, a cluster of neonates with bullous impetigo in a hospital of northern Thailand was investigated. Medical records and working timetables of healthcare workers (HCWs) were reviewed. During an environmental study, bacteriological samples from HCWs and equipments were taken. The study resulted in 16 confirmed cases and 14 probable cases. The attack rate was 42%. Most cases had skin blisters (28 cases) followed by pustules (five cases) and exfoliation (three cases). The location of the lesion was the trunk (17 cases), neck (14 cases) or armpits (nine cases). Nineteen cases had symptoms onset after discharge from hospital. Median age at onset was 4 days. The strain isolated from an infected newborn shared the same phage type as the contaminated equipment. Insufficient hand hygiene was an observed risk behavior of HCWs and visitors. Exposure to a nasal carrier of Staphylococcus aureus and ward sharing with a symptomatic case increased the risk of acquiring the infection. The outbreak ended abruptly after implementation of hand hygiene practices and equipment cleaning. (Eurosurveillance, 2008) What are the clinical symptoms, duration of the disease, and treatment if any? The clinical symptoms of a skin staph infection are boils and puss-filled accesses. These areas of the infection are commonly red, swollen and painful. Drainage of the infections is common practice. When S aureus enters the blood stream it can spread to organs and cause serious infections, this is known as bacteremia or sepsis. Patients with underlying lung disease may deve lop staphylococcus pneumonia which causes an abscess formation in the ungs. Infection of the heart valves, also called endocarditis, can lead to heart failure. Staphylococcal food poisoning causes nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and dehydration. (MedicineNet, n. d. ) Minor skin infections may be treated with an antibiotic ointment or oral antibiotics. Serious and life-threatening illness may be treated with intravenous antibiotics depending on the particular staphylococcal strain. Some strains, such as MRSA, are resistant to many antibiotics. †¢What steps can be taken to prevent further outbreaks? Include individual as well as environmental precautions and methods. There is not a vaccine available against Staphylococcus aureus since bacteria are so widespread. But there are common hygiene practices that can reduce the risk of developing staph infections. Thoroughly washing hands is the best defense against germs. If you have a cut or wound, keep it clean and covered with sterile bandages until they heal completely. Avoid sharing personal items such as towels, sheets, razors and clothing. Women that use tampons can reduce their risk by changing tampons frequently. Hospitals can reduce transmission of staphylococcal aureus and MRSA by ensuring proper hygiene is a priority with all healthcare workers. They can also disinfect surfaces that are handled by healthcare workers, patients and visitors daily. A study was done to test the growth rate of staphylococci on stainless steel and brass. The results of this study showed the growth of the bacteria to be lower on the brass covered hardware. This could be a change hospitals can make to help reduce the spread of staphylococcus. Noyce, Michels, Keevil, 2006, p. 290) Reference: Microbiology. (2005, May 25). What Is Staphylococcus Aureus? Bionewsonline. com Retrieved January 21, 2012, from http://www. bionewsonline. com/i/what_is_staphylococcus_aureus. htm Wikipedia. (2012, January 17). Staphylococcus Aureus. Wikipedia. org Retrieved January 21, 2012, form http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus Eurosurveillance. (January 2008). An outbreak of hospital-acquired Staphylococcus aureus skin infection among newborns, Nan Province, Thailand, January 2008. EuroSurveillance. org. Retrieved January 21, 2012, from http://www. eurosurveillance. org/ViewArticle. aspx? ArticleId=19372 MedicineNet. (n. d. ). Staph Infection. MedicineNet. com. Retrieved on January 21, 2012 from http://www. medicinenet. com/staph_infection/article. htm#symptoms J. O. Noyce, H. Michels, C. W. Keevil. (2006). Potential use of copper surfaces to reduce survival of epidemic Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the healthcare environment. [Electronic Version]. Journal of Hospital Infection, 63, 289-297 How to cite Staphylococcus Aureus, Papers